Fractures

Overview

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone that can range from a small, stable injury to a complex break involving multiple pieces or damage to surrounding tissues. Fractures can occur throughout the body, including the arm, elbow, hand, wrist, shoulder, hip, knee, foot and ankle. Some result from falls, sports injuries or accidents, while others can occur when bones have been weakened by osteoporosis or other conditions.

Most fractures heal normally with appropriate treatment. In some cases, however, the bone does not heal within the expected timeframe. When a fracture fails to heal, it may be diagnosed as a fracture nonunion and require additional treatment.

Symptoms & Causes

Common signs of a fracture include pain, swelling, bruising, tenderness and difficulty moving or putting weight on the injured area. A visible deformity may occur with more severe fractures. Fractures are commonly caused by falls, direct impacts, twisting injuries, sports-related trauma or motor vehicle accidents. Stress fractures can develop gradually from repetitive activity, while weakened bones may fracture with relatively minor trauma.

Fracture nonunion can occur when the bone does not have enough stability or blood supply to heal properly. Infection, severe tissue damage and certain health or lifestyle factors may also interfere with bone healing.

Affected Populations

Fractures can affect anyone, but risk may be higher among athletes, active adults and older individuals who are more susceptible to falls or osteoporosis. Repetitive-impact activities can also increase the risk of stress fractures.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination and imaging. X-rays can identify most fractures, while CT scans, MRI or other imaging may be recommended for complex injuries, stress fractures or suspected nonunion.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the location, type and severity of the fracture. Stable fractures may heal with a cast, brace, splint or other form of immobilization. More complex injuries may require Fracture Care, including surgical fixation or repair to restore alignment and provide stability while the bone heals.

Nonunion treatment depends on why healing has stalled and may involve additional stabilization, bone grafting or other procedures designed to promote healing. An orthopaedic evaluation can help determine the appropriate treatment based on the specific injury and the patient’s overall health.